@article{oai:kyoritsu.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003019,
 author = {石井, 久生 and Ishii, Hisao},
 journal = {共立国際研究 : 共立女子大学国際学部紀要, The Kyoritsu journal of international studies},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Many Basques migrated from the Basque Country in Europe to the American West, especially to California as miners in the era of the Gold Rush in the middle of the 19th century. As the mining industry declined, they participated gradually in the sheep herding industry. Some pioneers made a success and they recruited sheepherders though their personal relations, mainly through kingship and native community ties. By the end of the 19th century, labor force of sheep herder was nearly dominated by the Basque immigrants, and the sheep herder became to be a stereotype of Basque people occupational style in the American West. The Baztan region of the northern part of Navarre was also a typical sender of emigrants to the USA. From the Baztan and its neighbor regions of the French Basque, many people immigrated to the American West, especially to Bakersfield, in the Kern County of California. At the last decades of the 19th century, some precursors succeeded in the sheep industry and built a basis of the future immigration through personal ties, or the chain migration, from Baztan. Thorough this channel, a lot of sheep herders came to Bakersfield and its neighboring area from Baztan, and they realized a typical style of transhumance. After the establishment of legal basis of sheep herder importation system in the 1950's, about a half of immigrants from Baztan and neighboring area continued to head for Bakersfield, in order to gain their job through personal connection and geographical ties. When they achieved some savings, most of them went back to the Basque Country. The chain migration from Baztan has continued until the end of the Basque migration phenomenon in the 1970's as a result of the improvement of economic and social condition in the Basque Country. From the beginning of the 21st century, some descendants of sheep herding experiencers in the American West began to organize ex-herders and to record their memories., 論説, Articles},
 pages = {37--61},
 title = {バスク系羊飼いによるバスク地方とアメリカ合衆国西部間の移住行動 : ナバラ州バスタンの羊飼いの事例},
 volume = {31},
 year = {2014},
 yomi = {イシイ, ヒサオ}
}